History Sba - 2017 Words

HISTORY | SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT | | Name: Shanta Rowe Registration#: School: Glenmuir High School Territory: Jamaica Year of Examination: 2011 | | Acknowledgement The researcher would like to thank the following for helping in the completion of this study: firstly, the researcher’s would like to thank the Almighty Father God for the health and strength and knowledge needed to do this study. Secondly, gratitude is expressed to the researcher’s family for moral support. Also the researcher would like to thank the staff at the Kingston and St. Andrew parish library for provided all the necessary books and last but not least the researcher’s the teacher Mrs. Meikle for giving the researcher all the necessary tips during the process†¦show more content†¦There was little money in circulation after emancipatation when compared to the needs of the sugar plantations. There was money needed to purchase new equipment to limit the number of workers on the sugar plantations but there was little. Where there were large groups of slaves with hoes had worked the fields before, now there had to be ploughs and harrows had to be use d. Most planters were bankrupt because of the rising cost of sugar production. For many of them however, because of they were absentee landlords their lands and workers were mis-managed by the person they appointed to be in control. Land posed another problem in not allowing the planter to have any money. Over-cultivation on the plantations exausted the land’s resources and the few crops that did thrive could not provide planters with sufficient earnings. What matters made matters worse was the passing of the Sugar Equalisation Act in 1846. The made duties on exports from the English speaking Caribbean such as sugar equalised. Technology (Mechanisation) In the nineteenth century where there was the introduction of new technological advancements, the sugar plantations in the English speaking Caribeean were still using seventeenth century technology on their plantations inspite the advantages such as a reduction in the need of labour and reduction in production cost of the then â€Å"new age† technology. There were many reasons for this: One reason was that the territories inShow MoreRelatedHistory SBA1710 Words   |  7 Pages HISTORY RESEARCH PAPER Table of Contents 1. Title of study 2. Aim 3. Rationale 4. Introduction 5. Forms of resistance and its effectiveness 6. Conclusion 7. Bibliography 8. Appendix Title of study Theme: Resistance and Revolts. Discuss the forms of resistance used by slaves and assess the effectiveness of the different forms of resistance. Statement of Aim Throughout this research paper, the reader will have a better understandingRead MoreHistory sba2509 Words   |  11 PagesRationale Last year the History teach taught a lesson on the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, in which she outlined the entire ordeal of the slaves , starting with the preparations made in Europe and Africa, how the Africans became slaves, the march to the coast, activities at the coast, the middle passage and sale of the slaves in the West Indies. Being of West African descent the writer became intrigued and decided to do a research project, exploring the slave trade. The writer believes thatRead MoreHistory SBA Guidelines2091 Words   |  9 PagesGRAYDON  SEALY  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  Ã‚      GENERAL  STUDIES  DEPARTMENT  Ã‚   HISTORY      Guidelines  for  the  Completion  of  Caribbean  History  SBA   ⠝â€" Please  note  that  the  guidelines  that  follow  are  to  assist  youÍ ¾Ã‚  therefore,  they  should  be   followed.  However,  if  you  are  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ unclear​   about  anything  pertaining  to  what  you  have  to   do,  it  is  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ your​   Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ responsibility  to  seek  the  necessary  assistance  from  your  subject   teacher.                              CXC  Caribbean  History  Examination  Outline   The  CXC  History  Paper  consists  of  three  parts: 1. PapeRead MoreHistory SBA Conditions Leading Up To The 1937 Riots2871 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Conditions Leading up to the 1937 Riots There were many different factors which influenced the conditions in not only Barbados but across the British Caribbean which eventually led to uprisings in the various territories but namely Barbados. These factors can be broken down into 3 categories of Economic, Social and Political. Economic Factors Leading up to the riots Barbados’ economy was in a dreadful state due to many different factors, both internal and external. One of the more substantial externalRead MoreAlternative Financing Options For Startups2656 Words   |  11 Pagesdifferent ways. The SBA offers a microloan and a community advantage program. While the microloan program provides less than $50,000 in capital, the community advantage program offers up to $250,000. The lender is approved by the SBA to provide the loan, and the SBA loans are generally given to self-financed startup companies. If you can get one of these loans, the interest rates are generally in the 7 to 9 percent range. The 7(a) Loan Program One of the most popular SBA loan programs is theRead MoreEssay Financing a Small Business1539 Words   |  7 PagesHowever, it can be quite complicated, and may challenge you in ways you had not imagined. Knowing the challenges and problems you may encounter in your start-up can help you to prepare for the unexpected, and possibly help avoid common drawbacks. The SBA points out that many new entrepreneurs will have questions about where and how to begin because business owners trigger the production and sale of a new product or service. New entrepreneurs will need professional, expert help to start and run a smallRead MoreEntrepreneurship Funding: A Comparative Analysis of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Funding Option1411 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Small Business Administration. The SBA is a federal government agency that provides financial assistance to new and existing businesses. Offices exist throughout the United States to assist small businesses. Business cash flow is the primary consideration for a loan. Owners with 20 percent or more ownership must personally guarantee the loan. The federal government has a vested interest in encouraging the growth of small business. As a result, some SBA loans have less stringent requirementsRead MoreRaising Capital For A Young Business : Case Study819 Words   |  4 Pagesonly for mom and pop shops with a clean credit history (Larson, 2000). Some would-be entrepreneurs do not even contact the Small Business Administration because they assume that they have too many people and do not qualify (Larson, 2000). However, the Small Business Administration has many loan programs that can help businesses get off of the ground such as the SBA 504 Load Program, 7(a) Guarantee Loan Program, Micro-loan Technical Assistance Grants, SBA Micro-loans, and the Patriot Express Pilot LoanRead MoreAre United States Business Laws Effect ive at Promoting Fair Business Practices762 Words   |  4 Pagesintegrity of our financial systems, it is imperative that the United States implement, regulate, and enforce business practices to remain relevant and effective within the constantly changing global economic marketplace. The United States has a long history of ensuring fair and balanced business practices through legislation. The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, began a shift in the economy from state commerce regulation to a national overall system of business practices. This act created the InterstateRead MoreHistory Of The Small Business Program1382 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will cover the various topics: the history of the small business program, explain the small business set-aside program, assess the dollar threshold for small business contracts, the purpose of source selection evaluation plan, and ranking of criteria for the scenario. History of the Small Business Program In 1932, President Hoover tried to mitigate the Great Depression by creating The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). The purpose of the RFC was to try to help businesses no matter

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - 1009 Words

Davis Weiss The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is a federal statute that was signed into law in America by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. It is divided into 10 titles. The bill contains provisions that will go into effect on June 21, 2010 and September 23, 2010. Also, the additional provisions will go into effect in 2014. Title I of H.R. 3590 will ensure quality affordable health care for all Americans by eliminating discriminatory practices by health insurers such as pre-existing condition exclusions. Title I also extends dependant coverage up to age 26, caps insurance companies non-medical expenses, and prevents unfair termination of insurance policies. Title II expands eligibility for Medicaid to lower†¦show more content†¦The Congressional Budget Office estimates that about 8 million such persons would remain uninsured. Additionally, the bill restricts access to abortion services in the Health Benefits Exchanges and, in particular, for people receiving federal subsidies. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act saves money by reducing the cost of premiums that families and individuals pay to maintain their health insurance po licies. It also saves money by getting rid of waste in the medical industry by establishing a center where physicians can report waste and by supporting comparison shopping for medical equipment. In addition, the act helps small businesses to save money by giving them the opportunity to offer health benefits to their employees without devastating the budget of their company. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act raise revenue by imposing an annual fee on the health insurance sector. Such fees would be imposed on insurance companies that sell high cost health insurance plans. The fee is designed to generate smarter, more cost-effective health coverage choices. The reconciliation bill delays this new fee until 2018 so that plans have time to implement reform and begin to save from its efficiencies. The amount of the fee is $8.0 billion in 2014, $11.3 billion in years 2015-2016, $13.9 billion in 2017, and $14.3 billion in 2018. According to the Congressional Budget Offi ce (CBO), the legislationShow MoreRelatedThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1057 Words   |  5 PagesMaureen Omondi Patrick Gilbert Govt 2305 5 February 2015 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The Patient Protection and Affordable care Act also known as Affordable Care Act, Obama Care and ACA is an act signed into law by the current president of the United States, Barack Obama in March 23, 2010. Beginning in 2014, any failure to purchase minimum coverage will result in a person being fined. Also included in the Act are individual mandate requirements, expanding public programs, healthRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1272 Words   |  6 PagesThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act In this paper I plan to discuss an increasingly difficult topic of The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. I will go over the basics of the act including who founded it, when, what it states as well as what its purpose is. I will also discuss the nine titles of the Affordable Care Act. I will then go over how four of the nine titles have affected how nurses provide care. I will finalize my paper by reflecting upon what I have learned from theRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesUnderserved Communities: PPACA Tashia Lee Health/Public Policy (HLTH225-1604A-01) Abstract The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was designed to expand insurance coverage for all of those that are uninsured. Also the Act was put into place to reduce the cost of health care. The morbidity and mortality rates in the United States have decreased since the Act was in place in 2010. The Act is also helping the goals of Healthy People 2020 that was implemented, but there is still more improvementsRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act858 Words   |  4 PagesComprehensive Health Reform: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care act Ken Davis February 13, 2016 PADM 550 –BO2- LUO Dr. Tory Weaver Defining the Problem The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA)is a highly complex and multifaceted policy in addition to being political controversial. Changes made to the law by subsequent legislation, focuses on provisions to expand coverage, control health care costs, and improve health care delivery system. Some changes requireRead MorePatient Protection And Affordable Care Act1104 Words   |  5 PagesPatient Protection and Affordable Care Act Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) What the Act Offers The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act offers many healthcare benefits to a diverse group of American citizens. However, there are a few downsides as well. The major portions of the act deal with four primary issues: 1. Increasing the health care coverage of patients with pre-existing conditions 2. Expanding access to health care insurance to over 30 million uninsured AmericansRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is a highly controversial act of the United States government commonly referred to as ObamaCare. Designed to â€Å"ensure that all Americans have access to quality, affordable health care,† (Patient Protection) this bill has received a large amount of opposition for a variety of reasons, but it is also widely supported, therefore garnering it attention from interest groups. Many interest groups, including religious organizations, attempt to change laws andRead MorePatient Protection And Affordable Care Act1259 Words   |  6 Pages Maxcine Bakhshizad Mr. Todd Mod â€Å"H† Patient Protection Affordable Care Act Everest University What Is Affordable and What Isn’t? The healthcare industry in America has definitely changed over the last few decades. Our federal government has tried to mold and shape our country into a place where healthcare can be affordable for all families, not just the wealthy and those below the poverty line. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was created to bring about changes andRead MorePatient Protection with the Affordable Care Act1516 Words   |  6 PagesThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) commonly called the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or ObamaCare is a federal statute of the United States signed by President Barack Obama on March 23rd, 2010. As the name suggests, the new health care law is made up of the Affordable Health care for America Act and the Patient Protection Act. It also includes amendment to other laws like Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. The main purpose of this complex legislation is to provide Americans with affordableRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act16 36 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Julie Pham and Serena Ellison University of Mississippi  Introduction The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) frequently known as â€Å"The Affordable Care Act† (ACA) or â€Å"Obamacare,† is the United States decree authorized into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010 (Group, 2014). The principle of the Affordable Care Act was to strengthen the quality and affordability of health insurance and decrease the uninsured tariffs by magnifying public and private insuranceRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act756 Words   |  4 PagesProblem Statement It has been almost six years since the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) was enacted. Before the ObamaCare Act many people living in the United States didn’t have health insurance. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act include a long list of health-related provisions. Additionally, it supposed to extend coverage health insurance to many uninsured Americans (Obamacare, Web). Not all new government programs are perfect and the PPACA is no exception. Even

Business Impairment Loss Business Accounting Scenarios

Question: Describe about the Business Impairment Loss for Business Accounting Scenarios. Answer: The International Accounting Standard (IAS) 36 on Impairment of Assets deals with accounting for those long lived assets whose market value has diminished significantly and hence the value of the same needs to be revised in the balance sheet of the company. The standard similar to the same spelt out by the Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB) is AASB 136, Impairment of Assets under section 334 of the Corporations Act 2001. The main aim for the introduction of this standard was to ensure that the value of the assets reflected in the balance sheet of a company is not more than the amount that is recoverable on selling the asset. In such a situation the asset is classified as impaired and the amount by which an asset gets impaired is known as an impairment loss. As per the said standard it not only details about the accounting of impairment loss but also describes the scenarios when such losses are to be reversed and the disclosure requirements too. Broadly speaking assets such as intangible assets like goodwill, tangible assets like plant and machinery, land and buildings, motor vehicles, computer etc fall under the purview of impairment. However impairment of an asset is arrived at after assessing the situations which point out towards impairment and the calculations which help to arrive at the amount by which such impairment is to be done. There exist some exceptions to the said rule wherein certain category of assets do not fall under the purview of the said standard. They are inventories, construction contracts, deferred tax assets, investment and the biological assets which are valued at fair value and assets which are held to be disposed off. All these are covered by separate standards (Australian Accounting Standards Board, 2009). Certain terms are very crucial to understand before impairment of an asset is calculated. They are as under: CARRYING AMOUNT: The amount at which an asset reflects in the balance sheet of a company after accounting for the accumulated depreciation and the impairment loss / reversal of the asset. CASH GENERATING UNIT (CGU): The smallest cluster of assets of a company that enable generation of adequate cash flows to the company. The cash flows that a CGU generates is separate and easily identifiable from the other CGUs of the company (Hamilton et al. 2011). IMPAIRMENT LOSS: The difference between the carrying mount of the asset or a CGU in the balance sheet of an entity and the actual amount that can be recovered from that asset or CGU is termed as impairment loss. RECOVERABLE AMOUNT: The fair value of an asset or the CGU or the value in use of the same whichever is higher is termed as recoverable amount. VALUE IN USE: Net present value of the future cash flows that is expected to be earned from the particular asset or CGU (Kpmg.com, 2010). Before impairment of an asset or a CGU as a whole it is very important to understand whether situations prompting impairment exists or not. Various factors enable determination of the same. They are external as well as internal to the entity. The external factors are: Considerable diminution in the market value of the asset or the CGU due to normal wear and tear or the time lapse. The market capitalisation amount is far less than the amount at which the assets of a company are being carried in the balance sheet. The discounting rate used to find the value in use of the assets have increased due to an increase in the market interest rate will lead to reduction of the recoverable amount of the asset or the CGU. Uncertain legal, economic or political environment or a significant technological change which entails the asset to become obsolescent. The internal factors are as under: If the asset has suffered any significant damage or breakage which has led to reduction of the value of the asset significantly. Situations which denote that the companys performance has reduced considerably. In case of major acquisitions, carrying amount of the assets is greater than the carrying amount of the investees assets, contribute to the impairment (ey.com, 2014). Apart from the same it is very significant to note that IAS 36 and AASB 136 both detail about situations which entails to reversal of such impairment as well. The said situation is applicable to all assets except goodwill. A reversal will take place only if there is a situation which points out towards the fact that there is a change in the estimate of the amount of the asset and the same is expected to be more than the present carrying amount. However the reversal can take place only to the extent of the depreciated historical cost of the asset that would have been had the asset not been impaired. The impairment loss/ (reversal) both are recorded in the income statement of an entity and the immediate effect is felt on the balance sheet of the firm. The standard requires certain disclosures to be made regarding the impairment of assets. They are enumerated as under: For each class of asset or CGU the entity must disclose the following: The impairment loss or reversal amount that is reflected in the income statement of the firm as well as the line item(s) of the statement of comprehensive income. The impairment loss or reversal amount in case of any revalued assets that is recognized in the other comprehensive income (Albrecht, et.al. 2011). In case of segmental reporting done by an organization, the amount of impairment loss or reversal captured in the profit and loss account or in the other comprehensive income statement should be disclosed. Apart from the above the organizations who have impaired an asset or reversed the past impairment of any asset or a CGU shall also disclose the following: The factors (both external and internal) which led to the impairment of an asset or a CGU The amount by which the asset is impaired or impairment is reversed. The assets nature and in case of segmental reporting doen by an entity then the particular segment to which the impaired asset belongs should also be disclosed. The method by which the recoverable amount of an asset has been arrived at i.e. whether it is arrived by using the value in use method or the fair value less selling expenses method (Kvaal, 2005). Thus on a concluding note, it s very clear that the provisions spelt out by IAS36 and AASB 136 with regards impairment is similar. The impairment test is of utmost importance to enable determination of the quality of the financials of an entity. It has an effect on the health of the company, its stock prices as well as the liquidity position of the entity in case it goes for liquidation. References: Kpmg.com, (2010), Impairment Testing, Available at https://www.kpmg.com/AL/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Factsheet/Advisory/Documents/Impairment%20testing.pdf (Accessed 15th September 2016) Australian Accounting Standards Board, (2009), Impairment of Assets- AASB 136, Available at https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB136_07-04_COMPjun09_01-10.pdf (Accessed 15th September 2016) Albrecht, S., Stice, E., Stice, J., Swain, M. (2011).Accounting: Concepts and applications(11th ed.). Mason: South-Western ey.com, (2014), Impairment Accounting the basics of IAS 36 , Impairment of Assets, Available at https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Impairment_accounting_the_basics_of_IAS_36_Impairment_of_Assets/$FILE/Impairment_accounting_IAS_36.pdf (Accessed 15th September 2016) Hamilton, K., Hyland, B., Dodd, J.L., (2011), Impairment : IASB-FASB Comparison, Drake Management Review, vol.1, no. 1, pp. 55-67 Kvaal, E., (2005), Topics in Accounting for Impairment of fixed assets, A dissertation submitted to Bi Norwegian School of Management for the degree of Dr. Oecon, Available at https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/94340/05-03-kvaal.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed 15th September 2016)

Martin Luther A Biography Of Martin Luther (1483-1546) Essays

Martin Luther: A Biography of Martin Luther (1483-1546) Luther was born in Eisleben, Germany, the son of Hans Luther, who worked in the copper mines, and his wife Margarethe. He went to school at Magdeburg and Eisenach, and entered the University of Erfurt in 1501, graduating with a BA in 1502 and an MA in 1505. His father wished him to be a lawyer, but Luther was drawn to the study of the scriptures, and spent three years in the Augustinian monastery at Erfurt. In 1507 he was ordained a priest, and went to the University of Wittenberg, where he lectured on philosophy and the Scriptures, becoming a powerful and influential preacher. On a mission to Rome in 1510--11 he was appalled by the corruption he found there. Money was greatly needed at the time for the rebuilding of St. Peter's, and papal emissaries sought everywhere to raise funds by the sale of indulgences. The system was grossly abused, and Luther's indignation at the shameless traffic, carried on in particular by the Dominican Johann Tetzel, became irrepressible. As professor of biblical exegesis at Wittenberg (1512--46), he began to preach the doctrine of salvation by faith rather than works; and on 31 October 1517 drew up a list of 95 theses on indulgences denying the pope any right to forgive sins, and nailed them on the church door at Wittenberg. Tetzel retreated from Saxony to Frankfurt-an-der-Oder, where he published a set of counter-theses and burnt Luther's. The Wittenberg students retaliated by burning Tetzel's, and in 1518 Luther was joined in his views by Melanchthon. The pope, Leo X, at first took little notice of this disturbance, but in 1518 summoned Luther to Rome to answer for his theses. His university and the elector interfered, and ineffective negotiations were undertaken by Cardinal Cajetan and by Miltitz, envoy of the pope to the Saxon court. The scholar Johann Eck and Luther held a memorable disputation at Leipzig (1519); and Luther began to attack the papal system more boldly. In 1520 he published his famous address An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation (Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation), followed by a treatise De captivitate Babylonica ecclesiae praeludium (A Prelude concerning the Babylonian Captivity of the Church), which also attacked the doctrinal system of the Church of Rome. A papal bull containing 41 theses was issued against him. He burned it before a multitude of doctors, students, and citizens in Wittenberg. He was excommunicated, and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, convened the first Diet at Worms in 1521, before which Luther was called to retract his teachings. Luther refused to relent. An order was issued for the destruction of his books, and he was put under the ban of the Empire. On his return from Worms he was seized, at the instigation of the elector of Saxony, and lodged (for his own protection) in the Wartburg, the elector's fortress. During the year he spent there, he translated the Scriptures and composed his cogent controversial treatise, "Refutation of the Argument of Latomus'. Civil unrest called Luther back to Wittenberg in 1522. He rebuked the unruly elements, and made a stand against lawlessness on the one hand, and tyranny on the other. In the same year Luther published his acrimonious reply to Henry VIII's attack on him in Assertio septem sacramentorum adversus Martinum Lutherum (1521) about the nature of the seven sacraments. A divergence had gradually taken place also between the views of the Humanist scholar Erasmus and Luther. There was an open breach in 1525, when Erasmus published De libero arbitrio (1524, Discourse on Free Will), and Luther followed with De Servo arbitrio (Concerning the Bondage of Will). In the same year he married Katherine von Bora, a nun who had withdrawn from convent life. In 1529 he engaged with the controversial question of transubstantiation in the famous conference at Marburg with Zwingli and other Swiss theologians; he obstinately maintained his view that Christ is present in the bread and wine of the Eucharist. The drawing up of his theological views in the Augsburg Confession (1530) by Melanchthon, ably representing Luther at the Diet of Augsburg, marks the culmination of the German Reformation. Luther

How SAT Practice Got Me a Perfect Score

How SAT Practice Got Me a Perfect Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Can taking official SAT practice tests improve your SAT score dramatically? It can if you do it right. Most students practice the SAT incorrectly and are then surprised when their scores don’t increase. I myself essentially practiced my way to a perfect SAT score, and I’m convinced you can do it, too! I've developed an SAT practice method that has worked for thousands of students- and I'll describe it right here. Overview: How My Method Will Raise Your SAT Score Take official practice testsand apply the methods I'm about to go over. Do this, and I guarantee your SAT score will go up hundreds of points. What do this mean for you? In a couple of weeks, you mightnever get a disappointing score on the SAT again. You might decide to throw away all those other strategies that don't seem to work, the ones that get you the same (not-quite-high-enough) score over and over again. Anytime you think you want to improve your SAT score even more, you'll know exactly what to do. Just take out a fresh practice SAT test, sit down, and apply my method. With my method, wrong answer marks on your score sheet will disappear like smoke in the wind. You'll start to take the SAT confidently and get the score you want.You'll apply to the school of your dreams and get accepted. I know this sounds too good to be true. Practice SAT tests? Don't I need a five-figure course from a college consultant to get the improvement I want? Yet this method is real.It's been proven on thousands of our own students, and I'm making it available to you right here, for free. But why should you trust me? And why is my method so effective? Allow me to introduce myself. Why You Can Listen to Me, a Perfect SAT Scorer I'm Fred Zhang, PhD, and I'm the cofounder of PrepScholar, the site you're visiting now. Though I eventually got a perfect score on the SAT, I personally struggled with improving my score and mastering SAT practice tests. When I first took the SAT, I got a full 200 points lower than what I was aiming for.I knew this wasn't the score I could achieve. There had to be some way to improve, right? So naturally, I did what all great athletes do: I practiced the real deal- the actual SAT. At first, there was very little improvement, but I quickly realized what I was doing wrong. Bit by bit, I built up an SAT practice test strategy that catapulted my score to perfect! Here's the proof: Screenshot of my perfect SAT score report. This score got me into every single college I applied to:Harvard, Stanford, MIT, and Caltech. It also let me meet some of the most interesting and intellectually curious classmates I'm honored to call friends today. Lastly, it opened up invitations to some of the most competitive firms, such as Goldman Sachs (I ended up turning them down, though, along with all of finance). Screenshot of my acceptance into Harvard, which was due in part to my perfect SAT score. Today, I’m certified to be a college professor, and my main job is tohelp thousands of students succeed using the strategies I developed (along with the aid of many other brilliant SAT experts). Most importantly, through PrepScholar, I've helped thousands of studentsget the SAT scores they want. I'm not saying this to brag. Rather, I want you to have full confidence that what I'm about to tell you will work, as long as you do it right. How NOT to Take SAT Practice Tests Many test takers and self-studiers (mistakenly) believe in the Marathon Fallacy for SAT practice. The usual advice to those training for a marathon is to run more, run longer, and run to your limit. This works for marathons because running requires primarily one adaptation of your body. As you run more- no matter how you run, when you run, or where you run- your circulation should start to improve and your muscles should slowly strengthen. This, in turn, makes you a better runner. Students who believe in the Marathon Fallacy for SAT practice believe in the myth that all they need to do is pick up a practice test and churn away. More specifically, they tend to think the following: SAT skills are a generic muscle that gets stronger as long as you put time into practice, no matter what that practice looks like. The version or year of an SAT practice test doesn't matter. You can do a few practice problems on your phone or iPad while chatting with friends. You don't need to think deeply about the practice SATs after you take them. After churning through a bunch of practice SATs, students who believe in this myth take the SAT again and are shocked that their scores are the same or barely 10 points higher.Who would have guessed, but the brain is not a single muscle that responds to blind practice. Instead of comparing SAT practice to a marathon, it's better to think of the test as being similar to baseball. When you practice baseball, technique matters. Swinging a bat a thousand times will make you swing stronger and harder, but it won’t guarantee you’ll be a good player. That’s because so many other techniques matter more, such as your stance, the angle of your swing, your follow through, and your strategy after you hit the ball. In short, you have to practice baseball to get good at it, but you need to practice carefully. It’s the same with SAT prep: you need to prep for the SAT by taking realistic practice tests, but you need to also make sure you're preppingthe right way. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! The Best Way to Prep for the SAT: 4 Expert Tips Now, let me show you how to best prep for the SAT so that you, too, can get a perfect score! #1: Use Official SAT Practice Tests I see students get this method wrong the most. Students will pick up a generic set of practice SATs, not check the version or quality of them, and just use them from start to finish. The problem with almost all SAT practice tests that are not official (I call them cheap knockoff SATs) is that only a minimum amount of work has been put into them to make them look like the SAT. With cheap knockoff SATs, publishers tend to throw all kinds of trash into multiple-choice format and then call it "SAT practice." Some of the biggest sins I've seen include the following: One popular test-prep company wholesale recycled their GRE questions and called it SAT Practice.I’m not even kidding- I opened up their GRE questions on one screen and their SAT ones on another screen and saw the same questions, word for word! My jaw dropped. One book of SAT practice tests by one of the top test-prep companies had some questions with multiple right answers or no right answers at all. Have you ever taken a cheap knockoff SAT practice test, looked at an answer, and said, "That can't be right"? Well, now you know why! The worst SAT questions are those free problems that float around on websites that clearly have no specialization on the SAT.Usually, these sites have a ton of ads and prey on beginners. But even SAT books from the biggest test-prep publishers- books that look perfectly legit and are even on shelves in stores such as Barnes Noble- suffer from this issue, too. Publishers of cheap knockoff SATs are often under tight deadlines and take advantage of students. They know most students are novices and might be gullible enough to believe that anything in a multiple-choice format is similar to an actual SAT question. This wouldn't be horrible if all there was to the SAT was its multiple-choice format. But the test is much more complicated than this and asks certain questions in certain ways. These ways are very specific and take a lot of work by high-scoring experts to figure out. If you're training with bad SAT practice questions, it's like training with a softball for a baseball game. You'll spend all your time optimizing your skills for the wrong thing. I believe in this concept so much that in my program, PrepScholar, we use onlySAT practice tests released by the College Board for our full-length tests. Even when we design drill-problems, we have three sets of experts carefully review each question to ensure they adhere to every detail and the overall format of the SAT. #2: Take Each Practice Test in a Realistic Setting Many students are tempted to take shortcuts when doing SAT practice tests. Got five minutes before Mom picks you up from sports? Then why not do two SAT math questions on your iPhone? The problem here is that you're training in an environment that differs significantly from that of the real SAT. Let's take the five-minute-on-your-iPhone example above to demonstrate exactly why a realistic setting matters: Giving yourself five minutes for two math questions is way too much time. You’ll be training for the wrong timing and will fall into bad habits, such as grinding out a solution in a way that you could never, ever hope to do on the real SAT. You won’t have scrap paper or a pencil to write down notes and ideas. To do well on the SAT, you must take advantage of the space in the test to jot down ideas, your work, and any notes. Doing SAT practice on an iPhone trains none of these critical skills. You're not taking the SAT inthe normal four-hour context.Regardless of whether you're physicallyfatigued after hours of playing sports or are feeling totally mentally refreshed, the environment simply isn't realistic. Studying hard or hardly studying? Practicing the SAT in bed is a bad idea. Now, five minutes of practice on an iPhone might be an uncommon example, but it's very easy to slack off, even when you're taking a practice SAT at your desk. Here are some questions to ask yourself to determine how realistic your SAT practice session is: Did you take the entire test in one sitting (good) or split it up into several chunks (bad)? The more chunks you split a practice SAT into, the worse your practice will be since you won’t learn how to prepare for the fatigue of the test. Did you give yourself an extra long break or take breaks between sections where none are scheduled? On the actual SAT, you don't get to eat a two-hour-long dinner in the middle of the test, so don't do it during a practice test, either! Do you sometimes peek at answers? Peeking at answers is a cardinal sin. Looking at the answer sheet even once during a practice SAT can easily boost your score 100 points. This not only screws up the entire vibe and sequence of the test but can also make you think you're doing better than you actually are. Do you give yourself a couple of extra minutes on a section, maybe to bubble in a few answers? Giving yourself extra time is much worse than it seems at first glance. Knowing how to time yourself so you can finish each section in time, while challenging, is a critical skill you'll need to build up. Part of time management training involves knowing to stop taking the test a few minutes before time is up and also knowing how to deal with last-minute troubles. The best way to prep for the SAT is to take each SAT practice test under as realistic a setting as possible.So what should you do? Get out a table in a quiet room. Have the tests printed in front of you with bubble sheets. Use a real timer to give yourself scheduled breaks, andnever give yourself even a minute more. Once you're all set, take the entire test as if you were at an SAT test center. I believe in using a realistic test setting so much that our SAT prep program encourages this to the fullest extent possible. We have timers exactly like those on the real test, and automatically watch out for any noncompliance that can jeopardize the studying process. #3: Put In Enough Time This might seem obvious, but it's definitely worth repeating the process described in the first two tips. You need to put in time to improve on the SAT. While I'm against chugging practice test after practice test, at the end of the day the chugger will still do better than the test taker who puts in nearly zero time. Improving on the SAT takes hard work. Unwillingness to accept this is the quickest route to stagnation. In fact, in this guide, I am assuming that you will be putting in at least 10 hours of SAT study time in total. If you're studying fewer than 10 hours, nothing can help you significantly improve your SAT score. Not a book, not some cheap tricks, not me- not even a five-figure "college consultant." If you're studying fewer than 10 hours, throw this entire guide away.In this case, the best way to improve your score is to simply put in more study time. Similarly, if you're studying around 10-30 hours, putting in more time will help you substantially. In this range, putting in time is just as important as doing the right kind of SAT practice. We at PrepScholar believe in this time factor so much that our program records the time you study each week, and then predicts your progress based on this time.We also regularly tell you whether the time you spend is enough to get the improvement you want on the SAT. All in all, definitely carve out enough time for SAT practice! #4: Identify and Fix Your Weaknesses The most important part of taking a practice test is to have a clear grasp of what questions you're getting wrong and why you're getting them wrong.Too many students fall into this trap and think thatas long as you've taken a practice SAT, you've gotten all you can get out of it. This is completely wrong. The reality is that analyzing your performance on each practice test is the key to score improvement.Taking practice SATs in realistic settings can only get you so far. What you really need to do isanalyze your mistakes and look for patterns in your weaknesses. Again, SAT practice is like baseball practice. If you keep on swinging your bat wrong, you have to think hard after each swing. What felt off about that swing? What did your coach say about your swings? Are you swinging too hard, too lightly, or at the wrong angle? You need to think before you retry to get the most out of your practice. To analyze your SAT weaknesses, start by looking at each problem you got wrong on a practice test. Then, list the reasons you think you got it wrong. Here are some examples: Didn't know the math formula needed to solve it Ran out of time Made a careless mistake Next, tally up all the reasons for your mistakes on the test and look at the top three. These are the three big weaknesses you'll need to work on the most in your SAT prep. If you got mostly wrong answers, it's OK to take a sample of them instead. For example, you could look at every other question or every third question. Even though you won't get to analyze all your answers, in the end your results should be roughly the same. After, you'll want to eliminate your weaknesses by thinking carefully about how you can fix them.For timing issues, try a number of time-related strategies that have worked well for experts on practice tests to see what works best for you. For weaknesses in a certain topic such as reading or math, you might want to drill specific problem types or review lessons using high-quality tutorial resources likeKhan Academy. "But wait," you might say. "Isn't this guide supposed to be about SAT practice? Didn't you say you can improve a lot with SAT practice?" SAT practice is still the core to your improvement on the SAT. You're spending a large fraction of your time on it to train your muscle memory and diagnose your issues. In fact, you're spending even more time on focused practice SAT problems to drill (and thus fix) your weaknesses. However, there are definitely times when the best way to improve your score is toreview specific content and consider what could be the causes of your weaknesses. The Easy Way to Do SAT Practice Right In this section, I’m going to talk about our SAT prep program, PrepScholar, a bit. First off, you don’t need to use PrepScholar to benefit from the advice above. However, usually when I’ve given this talk in the past, the students most adamant about improving their scores asked me to talk a little more about how PrepScholar uses the tips above. You can feel free to skip this section, as the advice will still help you study even without our program. I used the SAT study strategy above with little external help during high school. In fact, I still have annotated practice tests with detailed notes explaining the reasons I got each question wrong. I also remember keeping a ledger of all my practice tests, a list of all my practice test sources, and a paper tallying all my mistakes. All you need to do is put in the work, be careful, and you'll be able to use this process successfully, too. However, what if instead of reinventing the wheel, all you had to do was log in every few days, do the practice SATs assigned to you, and see your score skyrocket?That's exactly what happens when you use the PrepScholar Complete SAT Prep program. Our program offers the following features: Automatically sources the most up-to-date official practice SATs for you,directly from the College Board website Tests you with an accurate timer, and gives you warnings if you take the practice SAT in a way that might jeopardize its effectiveness Encourages you to put in ample study time, and tells you when you need to put in more Automatically analyzes all the problems you got wrong, explainsthe top reasons you got questions wrong, and generates a curriculum for improving your biggest weaknesses These four steps are where SAT magic happens. You find out what you're getting wrong. You work on these issues until they go away. Your scores climb to your goal. Finally, you get into the colleges of your dreams. No messy self-tracking- just easy, immediate guidance that improves your SAT scores. You can see why our customers think this program is a great tool: "I love the practice tests!""Yes, I can definitely feel improvement. I love the practice tests. Would definitely like 2 or 3 more before I do the real thing.I like how you guys personally interact with me on a daily basis. Makes me feel like I am gettingmore of a personal experience. I love it." - Brian P. North Carolina"He did much better on this test!""You are the absolute best! My son was so happy when he came out. He did much better on this test than he did on the previous test.When my son came out of the previous test, he seemed down in the dumps. We knew right then and there, that the results were probably not going to be what we had hoped for, and that we would be exploring other options. After taking Prepscholar, he came out of the test with a huge smile on his face and told us right away that he did so much better." - Eileen H. VirginiaRead more customer stories here! And you won't believe the price. College costs around $10,000-$100,000 for most students. What's more, a regular cycle of visits to a college counselor or SAT tutor can easily run you over $4,000. Chances are, they might not even know how to improve your score in your specific case! At this rate, a program that figures out your specific issues and targets the exact SAT practice that you need would be a steal for even $1,000. After all, this is how much the most common one-size-fits-all courses by the test-prep dinosaurs charge. Yes, you can buy inferior programs at dirt-cheap prices, but they'll likely mess up your strategies. If you've got hundreds of hours to figure things out and make tons of mistakes, you could self-study, too. But we're talking about your college future here. I'll gladly admit that our PrepScholar Complete SAT Prep package is not the cheapest program on the market. That's because it uses only real SAT practice questions for tests, andall questions have passed three levels of scrutiny by top SAT scorers. We could easily charge more, but there's a simple reason we try our best to keep prices down: we want you to score higher. We want you to get into the school of your choice. After all, that's why we've even given you our top strategy in this guide for free. So why not accept our offer for our Complete SAT Prep program for just $399 and get started today? You're Protected Two Ways When you buy PrepScholar Complete SAT Prep, you're protected two ways. We want you to know that we're taking out all the risk through our double guarantee: Five Day Trial: If, for any reason, you don't like our program in the first five days, just contact us and we'll give you your money back. You get access to the whole program, not some walled-off piece. And in the unlikely chance you don't think it fits you, you get your money back, no questions asked. Some extreme students have worked full-time to finish our entire program in the five-day period, and they got their money back- something we applaud! 240+ Point Guarantee: If you finish our program and don't improve 240 points, you get all your money back as well. It's win-win- you either get the score you need, or you get free prep! What's Next? Studying for the SAT entirely on your own?Get tips on the best SAT prep books to useand learn how to come up with a foolproof SAT study plan that works well for you. Not sure what SAT score you should be aiming for?In this guide, we explain what scores are good and bad on the SAT, and go over how to determine what score you should shoot for based on the schools you're applying to. We've also got another in-depth guide to getting a perfect SAT score.Here, one of our expert full scorers teaches you how to identify your weaknesses and build a study plan guaranteed to get you that elusive 1600 on test day!

Why Are We So Concerned With Our Image Essay Example

Why Are We So Concerned With Our Image Essay Example Why Are We So Concerned With Our Image Essay Why Are We So Concerned With Our Image Essay We are subsequently concerned with our image and the manner others, around us perceive us. We strive, everyday to shine within a multitude of stars and to be fully appreciated by our friends, family and associates. We put on a show, each day according to the way we aspire others to view us, as individual people, who stand out and deserve an encore on our own, personal stages.Our world is a stage, our life is a drama, perfectly played out in our roles, and we are the actors, performing.   Each and every one of us, share similar aspirations in life and yearn for each one of our presentations to be ideal in order to achieve our goals.   Our personal stage must be precisely set and the audiences’ reaction or perception of our acting abilities will be demonstrated through their feedback.During one’s lifetime, a presentation on stage is not always what we anticipate, an event in which Erving Goffman referred to as a â€Å"dramaturgical analysis†.Our social life all ows for more than one role to played, for example, being a student, daughter, or lover, requires different presentations.   As Goffman mentions in his book â€Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday life: Selections.† In our show, we offer an impression to the audience through verbal and body language, and the interaction we communicate to others, relays how we perceive ourselves.   Goffman views the world as micro sociology; social interactions, and according to Henslin, it is face to face interaction demonstrating how people react and behave when they come together and demonstrates how they get along and survive.First impressions are incredibly important since they may affect how others regard us as individuals, while they build our confidence and heighten our reputation as award winning. According to Henslin, â€Å"When you first meet someone, you cannot help but notice certain features, especially the person’s sex, race, age and clothing†. We develop oth er impressions through vision and   by listening to the character. You may possibly hear someone’s name or all about their story before you actually meet them and perhaps you have already developed a pre-developed image of that person.When you are first introduced to a person, important factors furnish us with a cause to imagine and possess assumptions regarding that individual, therefore, regardless of their true character or personality, your assumptions have already shaped your first impression. This is an important explanation of why people are so concern in relation to their image, since all factors have persuasive influence on a person’s social life.The scene displayed when Mary Harron first met with Andy Warhol, is one demonstration of a first impression of an individual. (Harron, 1980) In the article â€Å"Pop Art/ Art Pop: The Warhol Connection,† before Harron actually met with Andy Warhol, she had previously heard numerous stories in relation to Warh ol, and she had already develop a vivid impression of Warhol, consequently, there was little shock about his overall appearance and personality and she was only surprised about Warhol‘s age.Pop art was a subject that came to mind when one imagined Warhol, so his age was never a consideration.Henslin mentions in his book titled â€Å"Essential of Sociology†, (Henslin, 2004) that â€Å"We possess ideas on how we want others to judge us, and we use our character roles in everyday life to communicate these ideas. Goffman referred to these efforts which manage the impressions that others receive from us, as â€Å"impression management†.   Goffman also considered impression management as a way to control our performance as we perform in a certain manner; one that an audience expects from us so they may be guided against an unexpected and unfamiliar scene.I play the role of a daughter, for my parents and my attitude is always respectful and polite since this is how I want to present myself to them.According to lecture notes on micro sociology, Professor Steve discusses the Goffman’s Theory where he explains that â€Å"We are all trying to present an idealized vision of ourselves while trying to hide our very real problems or shortcomings†.   We consistently   want to offer a good impression by acting out what we think others want, so we continually perform our roles according to what the audience wants to see, and the advantage is that we will gain an excellent   reputation if we do meet their expectations but if we fail to meet those expectations, we fail while performing that role.Goffman looks at our daily life as a performance played out on a big stage and as actors performing for our audience; we must remember that what we perform will be our major â€Å"appearance.† Goffman also articulates that â€Å"It is an appearance on the front stage,† which also implies that there is an aspect of our personalities that yet remains on the back stage but front stage is what Goffman is concerned with thus our performance for others will be routinely acknowledged by society. As Speakers in our school clubs and dinners, we are considered actors in a front stage performance.According to an article â€Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life: Selections† by Goffman, he refers to our performances as â€Å"All the activity of an individual which occurs during a period, marked by continuous presence before a particular set of observers and has some influence on our observers.†Ã‚   He also mentions that there are various elements in our appearances. The stage setting includes our physical layout while the background supports our stage. The setting will allow the audience to follow our performance, while the appearance and our method basically describes our social status and the role we play will demonstrate to the audience the level of our educational background and enlighten them whet her we are involved in social activities or if we are aggressive actors, displaying us as great leaders in our performance.In â€Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life: Selection†, Goffman divided the front stage into two parts; we â€Å"give† and â€Å"give off†.   The give involves verbal symbols which he utilized to convey the information in helping the performer and audience to engage in the performance, while the â€Å"give off† includes a wide range of action performances in which the audience may consider feeling sympathy for the actor.Since there is a front stage, there must also be a back stage, where we relax and showcase our full identities without being concerned with how others perceive us.According to the lecture notes by Professor Steve, most of our time is spent performing on front stage, which means wearing costumes and dressing up, however, our back stage performance is a place where we hide our true problems, since everyone does have a secret about themselves. A person may have a drinking problem, gambling or some illegal activity that they wish to keep private. They may try to hide   pieces of their life and during their performance, they may give a different impression to others about who they really are. Goffman offers that we have to conceal the process in order to make our stage performance.   If Goffman is correct in his theory, then we all are exceptional actors who deserve to win Oscars!As Goffman pointed out in his article (Goffman, 1959) â€Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life: Selection†, â€Å"In order to get the setting right for the performance, manner calculating is also important,† which means that good designs should be a big part of the setting and like Mary Harron, Goffman shares her ideas of first impressions, as in her online article â€Å"Pop Art/ Art Pop†, she mentions that one of the reasons that Andy Warhol became a famous pop artist was due to the fact that he respectfully, knew how to calculate and manipulate the media.Warhol has displayed a man who had respect for money, fame and power.   He is a famous artist, who within his social connections is incredibly large, therefore, Harron made the connection that it is not only Warhol who became famous but the people around him; his friends and coworkers became famous, as well.   All famous people have one thing in common; they have more stages to perform on than an average individual, while one stage is for the media and the public, the other stages are held out for their friends and family.â€Å"Movies, radio and TV have changed the nature of fame†, Mary Harron explains that Andy Warhol used this type of communication to build the idea of Pop Art and today, in our society because Andy Warhol is a symbol of pop, and plays the achievement role in his performances and Pop Art is a standard that people and society determine on their own.Warhol built up an idealization of society as he heightened their expectations by expressing his wealth and power.   Goffman also agrees that material possessions are expressed as one of the most important parts of social class as a status symbol.According to our lecture notes, Goffman believes that each of us possess secrets and display our freakiness in some fashion and if we behave in an anticipated manner or perform differently than what others expect, they may feel that we are behaving irrationally, so there is the chance that you could be considered less desirable as a human being.The movie â€Å"Boy’s Don’t Cry† was inspired by a true story by Brandon Teena who has a sexual identity crisis, since she was born with a female’s body but thinks like a male. She cut her hair and taped down her breasts which made her look like a man; her way of setting her stage for her own performance; one that began when she arrived in Nebraska.   The new audience had no idea that she was a female. When Brandon Teena falls in love with Lana and becomes one of Lana’s friends, performing as a young male, she offered a grand performance. Garfinkel offered that she â€Å"Engaged in activities that made her appear to be something she wasn‘t.†Ã‚   The movie is not only about Brandon’s performance but about the environment that supports her status. Garfinkel also believes that we have to manage our own identities through hard work, achievement and accomplishment.There was nothing wrong with Brandon Teena as a person but she was not accepted and marginalized by the society, so she failed in her performance and end up murdered by Lana’s friendsI do believe that our society is changing because bisexuals are becoming more common and people tend to treat bisexuality as normal and in the movie â€Å"Boy’s Don’t Cry,† (Peirce, 1999) we understand how important and effective a front stage and back stage performance can be as we all want to find a spot in society where we can belong.In a personal experience of my own, I was studying aboard in England. When I first arrived at the school, I behaved as a quiet and shy stranger because I didn’t know anything about the people, in England. I didn’t want to offer a performance, until I know more about them..   When I was approached for conversation, I changed my performance by offering an outgoing person, who did want to talk and be socially interactive, in order to make friends.Sometimes, I am nice to people that I don’t like and I play that role. Goffman refers to this behavior as playing different roles, while others call it being two-faced, but the more I think about it, I understand that everyone might have more than two faces on their stage in life.There are many instances during my life performances, where I will be forced to make alterations but I will continue performing, offering an award winning performance!

Comparative Communication in History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparative Communication in History - Essay Example I think that this disrupts my capability of fully understanding each of the elements and information being given. As a matter of fact, I have to pause and go back to some points and move forward – skip – to the information that is related. Unfortunately, in some instances, some information were no longer pursued because it has been supplanted by another that was more interesting to the moderator, especially. This is particularly difficult, because in the chronology of events in the alphabet development, the resource speakers were talking about several places and people. At one point, they were talking about Egypt, then in Canaan, then in Syria, then, Egyptian scribe, Greeks, Phoenicians, among others. So there was several instances wherein I got confused. It was hard to follow how the alphabet really evolved or to understand whether there was one path of alphabet development in all of the locales mentioned. Near the end, I even found that were such categories as West Canaanites and that these people were the same as the Phoenicians. I am not saying that the tendency to wander on some minor topics is bad in itself. Because I think they provided the necessary background in order to understand what is being explained. However, the lack of systematic or logical flow in the delivery of the information makes it a liability, imposing so much on my capability to cope with all of the information that were suddenly coming my way. There is this discussion, for instance, about how the alphabet was being used for mundane purposes and how hieroglyphics were used as the language of the powerful, then suddenly a discussion ensued about the Phoenicians, migratory movements of the Greeks and the history of city-states. I believe that these elements were important but that they could have been placed on strategic parts and explained limitedly. The fact that the explanation of the development of the alphabet must be learned through listening from a